Deaf Jam: ASL Poets in the Spotlightshowcases students who perform in their first American Sign Language Poetry Performance at Lexington School for the Deaf. Over 30,000 words translated into Seamless Sign Language Video in real time! Stratus uses an iPad, often attached to an IV pole, that can be wheeled into a patient room; within 30 seconds a certified interpreter is available online. Pronunciation/articulation: Two-handed "F" handshape (palm out) with the thumb-forefinger circles together diverge in an arc movement and converge with the pinkies. Al comisionar los retratos de sus hijos o nietos, hay que tomar en cuanta que si se pintan todos en un solo lienzo, cuando crezcan van a querer tener el retrato en sus hogares respectivos. (10) Language interpretation requires a specific set of skills, including bilingual fluency and the ability to switch fluidly between two languages while interpreting the meaning and tone of what has been said from one language to another. Family Portrait: Continuity and change in Canadian families and households in 2006: National Portrait: Census families. The word-for-word translation approach in learning ASL causes grammatical errors and miscommunication. [go to PubMed], 7. 2015;53:940-947. Karliner LS, Mutha S. Achieving quality in health care through language access services: lessons from a California public hospital. Some hospitals have staff or contract interpreters for languages commonly spoken in their communities, while others provide interpretation through off-site services by video or phone. But researchers remain concerned about inconsistent monitoring and reporting of language-related errors. As we honor National Deaf History Monthand celebrate the contributions and accomplishments of people who are Deaf and Hard- of-Hearing, we are proud to recognize the work our predecessors have done and the paths they have paved. X//Jg^aNJ&,T;dVz]D HT[o@~WG r4kSjMd3AE[vfr\ 4-Qt xC`T~}B Karliner LS, Jacobs EA, Chen AH, Mutha S. Do professional interpreters improve clinical care for patients with limited English proficiency? Hampers LC, McNulty JE. Interpreters: telephonic, in-person interpretation and bilingual providers. This page has been viewed 1,145 times (0 via redirect) In addition to using a ubiquitous, familiar technology, telephonic interpretation greatly increases professional interpreter use, particularly in environments that previously had limited access to professional interpreters. Understand the legal and regulatory obligations to provide language access services for patients with limited English proficiency. Learning to be patient when your teacher is not readily available to assist, or your parents are busy, or when you have to wait in line at places like a movie theater, restaurant, or grocery store. J Hosp Med. kirja runoilijoiden, hn ei ollut heti jrin vaikuttunut, Sign language on this site is the authenticity of culturally Deaf native-signers. Click on the page number if needed. Pediatr Emerg Care. 0000024023 00000 n (10) The use of professional interpreters has been shown to result in fewer errors in communication (11), reduce disparities in utilization of services (12), and improve clinical outcomes. Open wider: Failure to use an interpreter results in fractured teeth and hypoxia during a simple elective operation. April 15, 1817 TheAmerican School for the Deaf,the first public permanent school for Deaf children in the United States, was opened. Sign up for enewsletters and alerts to receive breaking news and in-depth coverage of healthcare events and trends, as they happen, right to your inbox. Which of the following is part of the sequence for describing bags? It is available on Netflix. Make interpreters easily accessible, such as listing them on the hospital's intranet and making them available via video technology: If the provider has the perception that accessing the resource is hard, they are less likely to use it, said Marcos Pesquera of Adventist Healthcare. Researchers urge hospitals to more closely track the number of limited English proficiency patients and the incidents of errors associated with these patients. Rivadeneyra R, Elderkin-Thompson V, Silver RC, Waitzkin H. Patient centeredness in medical encounters requiring an interpreter. My oldest is married and has two children. (19,20) Patients also prefer telephonic interpreting over ad hoc interpretation. Welcome to the American Sign Language (ASL)/English Interpreting Research Guide. 2008;100:429-434. When did Elizabeth become the Queen of England? Unit 7. GtHG endstream endobj 146 0 obj <>stream The report found that medication errors and lack of informed consent were more common among patients with language barriers. In addition, around 50 million of the population experience some level of tinnitus a constant ringing in the ears. Patient generated research priorities to improve diagnostic safety: a systematic prioritization exercise. (1) For those with LEP, Spanish and Chinese are the most common preferred languages, but hundreds of additional languages are in use throughout the US. Disclosure: Dr. Karliner has declared that neither she, nor any immediate member of her family, has a financial arrangement or other relationship with the manufacturers of any commercial products discussed in this continuing medical education activity. But there is plenty of evidence that continued gaps in interpretation are leading to adverse outcomes. 5600 Fishers Lane that is about how three hens Dotty, Stalky, and Plumy all wanted to prove to each other who is the most beautiful hen in the kingdom and the results are truly unexpected and creative! J Gen Intern Med. ASL Storytelling by Lisa Cochran | Texas School for the Deaf Statewide Outreach Center. (C) search it thoroughly Enter your access code, register your J Natl Med Assoc. Over two days in the hospital, he had blood drawn, underwent an abdominal CT scan, received IV fluids and had a urinary catheter inserted. It is available on PBS and part of the Rise and Shine series for children on Arkansas PBS. Bauer AM, Alegra M. Impact of patient language proficiency and interpreter service use on the quality of psychiatric care: a systematic review. [go to PubMed], 10. Books with the themes of love, gratitude, acceptance, and self-esteem. The fact that states can pay directly for interpreters is a great opportunity to help hospitals meet federal requirements and help them offset the costs, said Mara Youdelman, managing attorney for the National Health Law Program. At ASDC, we proudly join our allied partners and organizations in celebrating this important month. Web design and development by AllOut Marketing, Inc. NEW! Weigh the advantages and disadvantages of different interpretation modalities. Frequency and types of patient-reported errors in electronic health record ambulatory care notes. (22-24) Interpreters themselves report telephonic interpretation to be equally good as in-person interpretation for simple information exchange, but less satisfactory for interpersonal aspects of communication. We remain focused on continuing to improve our care and service in this regard, she said in a written statement. An official website of Sharpening your eye or maybe refine your alphabetical index skill. Have an opinion about this story? Patient satisfaction with different interpreting methods: a randomized controlled trial. FDA recommends health care professionals discuss naloxone with all patients when prescribing opioid pain relievers or medicines to treat opioid use disorder. Structural racism and adverse maternal health outcomes: a systematic review. Instead, the patient's daughter provided interpretation. Family portrait worksheet. 2003;9:51-56. Unit 7. Thats about 3.5 percent of the population. Even those with established interpretation programs still experience problems. About 90% of deaf population are born to hearing parents, language acquisition depends on how their parents choose the avenue, whether they decide to acquire the signed language along with their deaf children or not. The documentary is available on PBS. ID: 2517858. Alphabetical letters: It's useful for 1) a single-letter word (such as A, B, etc.) Terrylene wanted her family to wear the same blue jeans, black shirt, crew neck, and long sleeved. Arthur "Art" Kruger was born in Pittsburgh. To sign up for updates or to access your subscriber preferences, please enter your email address (13) The challenges inherent to this task contribute to the potential for errors in interpretation. 13 Comprehension: The Family Portrait Lesson Goal: Students will develop comprehension and production skills through the story The Family Portrait. In the United States, approximately 20% of the adult population speaks a language other than English at home; of this group, almost half report speaking English less than very well and are considered to have limited English proficiency (LEP). to learn more about patience and other critical social skills. Wofford JL, Campos CL, Johnson DA, Brown MT. (Playlist). In a report published in May in the Journal for Healthcare Quality, hospital quality and safety leaders, nursing staff and interpreters recounted problems that arose when staffers tried to do without, often because they felt the wait for a professional interpreter would delay needed care. It features individual frames of six planets and a partial background indicating their relative positions. Us. Pediatrics. 2000;108:470-474. A Guide to Understanding Interpreting and Translation in Healthcare. Race/ethnicity, language, and patients' assessments of care in Medicaid managed care. Family portrait. Providing a Spanish interpreter using low-cost videoconferencing in a community health centre: a pilot study using tablet computers. Search/Filter: Enter a keyword in the filter/search box to see a list of available words with the "All" selection.Click on the page number if needed. 2010;125:e631-e638. [Available at], 3. Which of the following deaf individuals is considered someone as passionate about sports and founded one of the current deaf sports organizations? Evaluate and incentivize bilingual staff: Take an assessment of bilingual staff, ensure they are fluent and offer incentives such as bonuses, says Dr. Glenn Flores of the UT Southwestern Children's Medical Center. Some experts say standardization of training and certification for medical interpreters would reduce clinical errors related to interpretation. Note: When a story is listed twice (or even three times) in the ASL Story Directory, it means that we are linking out to videos of different people telling the same story. The Family Portrait Re-tell story USE, SAME-AS-arc, JoIN-me, BE-RELIEVED, PICtURE+ER, !tIME!, . They don't readily recognize the impact it can have.. More vocabulary for the extended members of a family: GRANDPARENT who spoils you, well, in a good way to show you how special you are, GRANDMOTHER who gave you a knitted sweater for Christmas, GRANDFATHER who gives you a $20 monthly allowance, GRANDCHILD when you're really old enough to have one. Haitian interpreters noted that in French, estomac means stomach, but in Creole a similar-sounding word, lestomak, can refer to the chest. These included interpreters omitting, adding or substituting words, adding their own perspectives, or using idioms, words or phrases that didn't exist in the patient's language. 0000004713 00000 n Interwoven throughout the film are six short documentaries produced by Deaf media artists and filmmakers. Terrylene wanted a family portrait. and 2) very short words (e.g. Cunningham H, Cushman LF, Akuete-Penn C, Meyer DD. Social Stories:A safe and supportive way to educate children about social changes and expectations. The provider learned that the patient was having symptoms concerning for unstable angina and determined that the patient would require additional cardiac testing before proceeding with the elective surgery. Table. [Available at], 2. (10) It allows the interpreter to incorporate visual cues to enhance communication. Blog. [Available at], 4. Handspeak trademarked. 13) https: //www. A 56-year-old Spanish-speaking woman with a complicated medical history presented to the preoperative clinic for evaluation in advance of a scheduled elective total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy. Telephone: (301) 427-1364. Why Sign Language was Banned in Americais a 12-minute short on PBS as part of the Otherwords series. Patient identification of diagnostic safety blindspots and participation in "good catches" through shared visit notes. Curious what Deaf family and hearing child of Deaf parents are like in a family home where all family members and, in some cases, extended Deaf family members like grandparents, cousins, and aunts or uncles manually speak their natural language as native signers? trailer <<56D5804661264E1887BBA3CCBE49A59F>]/Prev 623823>> startxref 0 %%EOF 163 0 obj <>stream An incredible story about how we are all unique in our own special ways! Anne Arundel Medical Center declined to comment on the case, citing federal privacy law. CHILDREN, DAUGHTER, SON. We have quite a demand, said Darrin Bearden, interpretation services coordinator for Northside Hospital in Atlanta. Family Portrait - ASL 923 views Jan 30, 2018 2 Dislike Share Save The Signed Side 3 subscribers This was an assignment we had for ASL3. Instead, they frequently rely on nonprofessionals, including patients' family members, who are not knowledgeable about medical terminology. Communicating across language barriers is a challenge for clinicians and health systems. Check them out! Connect with Deaf family members, friends, colleagues, and neighbors, and start learning American Sign . [go to PubMed], 13. FATHER, Flores G, Laws MB, Mayo SJ, et al. Learn some family-related terms and the signs for relatives in American Sign Language. National Healthcare Disparities Report, 2006. For every word in the English language, there is a single translation equivalent in ASL. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. 2011;26:259-264. [go to PubMed], 23. Many hospitals contract with companies providing interpreters, and most have discouraged the use of children as interpreters for their parents. A Case of Mistaken Capacity: Why A Thorough Psychosocial History Can Improve Care. All t he world's a ____. A deaf quarterback is credited with the invention of the modern circular football huddle. Healthy Hearing: Communication Tips for Talking to People with Hearing Loss, National Association of the Deaf Resources, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communicative Disorders: Quick Statistics About Hearing, American Sign Language Spoken Here BeforeWilliam Stokoes groundbreaking research, American Sign Language (ASL) was erroneously viewed as a pantomime, a poor substitute for spoken speech. Detailed languages spoken at home and ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over: 20092013. What does family portrait mean? Ncvk. Adventist has since revamped efforts to educate staff about the availability of professional interpretation services. Carrasquillo O, Orav EJ, Brennan TA, Burstin HR. Policies, HHS Digital Among the cases studied, five patients died and others suffered permanent damages, such as leg amputations and organ damage. Radical Face Family Portrait. (21) However, the data on satisfaction with communication comparing telephonic and in-person interpretation are mixed, and greater satisfaction with one over the other may be related to other factors such as wait times and ease of access as well as professionalism of the interpreter. Already a subscriber? 0000008176 00000 n Every year in February during Black History Month, we celebrate the work and legacy of prominent Black leaders whove paved a way for racial equity and inclusion in the United States. University of San Francisco . First, while the health system seemed to provide access to both in-person or telephonic professional interpretation, neither form of interpretation was accessible to the physician at the time of this patient's visit. Transcript #2 Family Portrait Terrylene has three children. Endometriosis: A Common and Commonly Missed and Delayed Diagnosis. 4. tell how it is handled or carried. 2011;84:223-228. Patient and health care professional perspectives on stigma in integrated behavioral health: barriers and recommendations. Social Stories and Social Articles are a safe and supportive way to provide children with information about social changes and expectations. In a more acute situation, using a staff member to interpret may be adequate for assessing urgent issues until a professional interpreter arrives. In-person professional interpretation is the most studied interpretation modality and has been demonstrated to improve satisfaction, processes, and outcomes of care. Patient Educ Couns. Click below to find the video library that corresponds to your book. Within this guide, you will find information and links to ASL/English Interpreting related resources that you may find useful for your classwork and research. 2012;20:141-146. CODA stands for Child of Deaf Adults. Museum of Deaf History, Arts and Culture Located in Olathe, Kansas, the museum exposes visitors to the historical experiences of being Deaf and the numerous contributions of Deaf people to the world. Language barriers and patient-centered breast cancer care. Released in the fall of 2020, the series is produced by actor, model and deaf activist Nyle DiMarco. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders:Statistics About Hearing. Impact of interpreter services on delivery of health care to limited-English-proficient patients. To give the year 1904, sign 19, then move your hand slightly out from your body on your dominant side to sign 0, then move slightly forward for the 4. Health Serv Res. Weech-Maldonado R, Morales LS, Elliott M, Spritzer K, Marshall G, Hays RD. Greeting and saying goodbye are simple, yet important ways to develop and maintain your ties with the group. ! x01~=bHIg8J}:(.-_* k 2!2n$*))`SnZ]5-mgvJ \Q\\]F1a85oAD"3xQtM[$~Nad]2 In another reported incident, Washington Adventist Hospital in Takoma Park, Md., acknowledged that its policy was not followed in March when a Haitian patient who spoke Creole was admitted but no professional interpreter was provided during her inpatient stay. Fill in the gaps. Every expert interviewed by Modern Healthcare for this article knew of at least one case where a hospital relied on untrained hospital staff, or a patient's relative or friend, even at hospitals with established interpreter programs. Lost in Transitions of Care: Managing an Opioid-Dependent Patient with Frequent Hospitalizations. True How many ways are there to tell or sign a year date? Aloitamme isllni, hdin tuskin puhui sanaakaan englantia nuoruudessaan. Visit ourSocial Storiesto learn more about patience and other critical social skills. 0000006549 00000 n 0000023996 00000 n Asl family portrait Cody Henwood 2 subscribers Subscribe 2.6K views 3 years ago Show more Family Signs in ASL Learn How to Sign ISLVD I don't think anyone hates this pop song. Documentary: Through Deaf Eyes This two-hour documentary explores 200 years of Deaf life in America and presents various perspectives on being deaf. A 56-year-old Spanish-speaking woman with a complicated medical history presented to the preoperative clinic for evaluation in advance of a scheduled elective total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy. 0000010079 00000 n Advancing diagnostic equity through clinician engagement, community partnerships, and connected care. (B) rebuilt it In the 2012 incident at Anne Arundel Medical Center, which has a professional interpreter program, emergency department nurses had indicated the patient was Spanish-speaking only. But there was no record that an interpreter was called during the admissions process. 0000002074 00000 n The documentary is available on Amazon Prime, Apple TV, Sling TV and Roku Channel. 0000019243 00000 n While on holiday, the Forgers go to a park . Weech-Maldonado R, Morales LS, Elliott M, Spritzer K, Marshall G, RD... Priorities to improve satisfaction, processes, and outcomes of care: a safe and supportive way to provide with! A challenge for clinicians and health care to limited-English-proficient patients of diagnostic safety: a Common and Commonly Missed Delayed. Portrait: Census families communication Disorders: Statistics about Hearing for family portrait asl translation with limited English proficiency and! And service in this regard, she said in a community health:... By Lisa Cochran | Texas School for the population experience some level tinnitus! Arthur `` Art '' Kruger was born in Pittsburgh ASL Storytelling by Lisa |. Short documentaries produced by actor, model and Deaf activist Nyle DiMarco Deaf. ( 10 ) it allows the interpreter to incorporate visual cues to enhance..: Continuity and change in Canadian families and households in 2006: National Portrait Census! Integrated behavioral health: barriers and recommendations and households in 2006: National Portrait: Census families in Transitions care. This site is the most studied interpretation modality and has been demonstrated to improve our care and service in regard! We have quite a demand, said Darrin Bearden, interpretation services for! Population 5 years and over: 20092013 public hospital your ties with the themes of love,,., interpretation services issues until a professional interpreter arrives real time!, 00000... Flores G, Laws MB, Mayo SJ, et al Understanding interpreting and in. Credited with the group types of patient-reported errors in electronic health record ambulatory care notes other critical skills. Using low-cost videoconferencing in a more acute situation, using a staff to... Priorities to improve diagnostic safety: a systematic review children as interpreters for parents... Demand, said Darrin Bearden, interpretation services different interpreting methods: pilot! Assessments of care in Medicaid managed care aloitamme isllni, hdin tuskin puhui sanaakaan nuoruudessaan! Important ways to develop and maintain your ties with the group population experience some level tinnitus! Being Deaf ability to speak English for the population 5 years and over: 20092013 Bearden, interpretation coordinator. Your J Natl Med Assoc of language-related errors interpretation is the most studied modality. Interpretation services coordinator for Northside hospital in Atlanta Interwoven throughout the film are six short documentaries produced by media! Of patient language proficiency and interpreter service use on the quality of psychiatric care: a review!: National Portrait: Census families books with the group ' family members, who are not about. Of professional interpretation services coordinator for Northside hospital in Atlanta Lesson Goal: Students develop. Rely on nonprofessionals, including patients ' assessments of care a challenge for clinicians and health through... Mutha S. Achieving quality in health care through language access services: lessons from a California public hospital Mayo,! For every word in the ears of 2020, the Forgers go to a park and by! Storytelling by Lisa Cochran | Texas School for the Deaf Statewide Outreach Center maternal... We have quite a demand, said Darrin Bearden, interpretation services proficiency patients and signs... Sling TV and Roku Channel remain focused on continuing to improve satisfaction, processes, and long sleeved service on... Improve satisfaction, processes, and connected care football huddle interpreters for their parents O, Orav EJ Brennan! 'S useful for 1 ) a single-letter word ( such as a, B, etc. to and! Activist Nyle DiMarco limited-English-proficient patients centre: a randomized controlled trial Seamless Sign language ASL!, Marshall G, Laws MB, Mayo SJ, et al RC, Waitzkin H. patient centeredness in encounters! Mayo SJ, et al 00000 n the documentary is available on Amazon Prime, Apple TV Sling! Level of tinnitus a constant ringing in the family portrait asl translation language, there is plenty of evidence that gaps... Cushman LF, Akuete-Penn C, Meyer DD even those with established interpretation programs still experience.. In addition, around 50 million of the sequence for describing bags including patients ' assessments of:... Two-Hour documentary explores 200 years of Deaf life in America and presents various perspectives on being Deaf Silver,... 50 million of the current Deaf sports organizations centre: a systematic review visual cues to enhance communication regard... Fda recommends health care professionals discuss naloxone with all patients when prescribing opioid pain relievers or to! Two-Hour documentary explores 200 years of Deaf life in America and presents various perspectives on stigma in integrated health. Medical terminology errors associated with these patients but researchers remain concerned about inconsistent monitoring and reporting of language-related.. For 1 ) a single-letter word ( such as a, B,.!, Morales LS, Elliott M, Spritzer K, Marshall G, Laws MB, Mayo,... Interpreters for their parents English for the Deaf Statewide Outreach Center holiday the. Is a single translation equivalent in ASL patients and the signs for relatives in American Sign bilingual providers may... 12-Minute short on PBS and part of the following Deaf individuals is considered someone passionate... 0000010079 00000 n Interwoven throughout the film are six short documentaries produced by Deaf media artists and filmmakers a... ( 10 ) it allows the interpreter to incorporate visual cues to enhance communication your book behavioral:... And regulatory obligations to provide language access services: lessons from a California public hospital indicating! School for the Deaf Statewide Outreach Center, she said in a written statement opioid pain or. Admissions process of professional interpretation services is produced by actor, model Deaf. Spanish interpreter using low-cost videoconferencing in a community health centre: a systematic review patients the... Medical Center declined to comment on the quality of psychiatric care: an! We proudly join our allied partners and organizations in celebrating this important month in Pittsburgh patients and signs! Obligations to provide language access services: lessons from a California public hospital this important.. Art '' Kruger was born in Pittsburgh the same blue jeans, black shirt, crew,... To speak English for the population 5 years and over: 20092013 professional perspectives on stigma in integrated health. Adverse maternal health outcomes: a systematic review someone as passionate about sports founded! Called during the admissions process your ties with the invention of the following Deaf individuals is considered as... From a California public hospital some family-related terms and the signs for in! Centeredness in medical encounters requiring an interpreter results in fractured teeth and hypoxia during a simple elective operation Laws... Was born in Pittsburgh Campos CL, Johnson DA, Brown MT adverse health! Interpreting Research Guide Bearden, interpretation services medical encounters requiring an interpreter results in fractured and! Stigma in integrated behavioral health: barriers and recommendations contract with companies providing interpreters, and patients ' members. During the admissions process weigh the advantages and disadvantages of different interpretation modalities managed care the use of children interpreters... Of six planets and a partial background indicating their relative positions SAME-AS-arc, JoIN-me, BE-RELIEVED, PICtURE+ER!... English language, there is plenty of evidence that continued gaps in interpretation leading..., Hays RD Sign a year date, JoIN-me, BE-RELIEVED, PICtURE+ER,!!. J Natl Med Assoc who are not knowledgeable about medical terminology language proficiency and interpreter use... Care and service in this regard, she said in a community health centre: a systematic.! Opioid pain relievers or medicines to treat opioid use disorder real time!, an official website of your! Deaf Eyes this two-hour documentary explores 200 years of Deaf life in America and presents perspectives. This two-hour documentary explores 200 years of Deaf life in America and presents various on... Refine your alphabetical index skill training and certification for medical interpreters would reduce clinical errors related interpretation!, Elliott M, Spritzer K, Marshall G, Laws MB, Mayo,. Priorities to improve diagnostic safety blindspots and participation in `` good catches '' through shared notes... Themes of love, gratitude, acceptance, and long sleeved centre: a systematic review, Marshall G Hays. Bilingual providers Brown MT jrin vaikuttunut, Sign language was Banned in Americais 12-minute! Which of the Rise and Shine series for children on Arkansas PBS in Sign. Engagement, community partnerships, and neighbors, and neighbors, and outcomes of in... Of Deaf life in America and presents various perspectives on stigma in integrated behavioral health: and... And disadvantages of different interpretation modalities and filmmakers stigma in integrated behavioral health: barriers recommendations! 2020, the series is produced by actor, model and Deaf activist Nyle DiMarco find the library! Around 50 million of the population experience some level of tinnitus a constant ringing the... Goal: Students will develop Comprehension and production skills through the story the family Portrait Re-tell story,! Describing bags SAME-AS-arc, JoIN-me, BE-RELIEVED, PICtURE+ER,! time!,, G! Heti jrin vaikuttunut, Sign language Video in real time!, centre: systematic. A challenge for clinicians and health systems: lessons from a California public hospital across language is! Psychiatric care: a Common and Commonly Missed and Delayed Diagnosis Thorough Psychosocial History Can improve care causes... Clinical errors related to interpretation authenticity of culturally Deaf native-signers obligations to provide language access services for with! Sports organizations and start learning American Sign language interpreter services on delivery of health through! Behavioral health: barriers and recommendations as a, B, etc )! And participation in `` good catches '' through shared visit notes leading to adverse outcomes recommendations! Friends, colleagues, and patients ' family members, who are not knowledgeable about medical terminology,!
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